Obameter #178: Handling Military Combatants

The classic idea of war is that two nations each build up an army and try to bash the other nation's army and country to bits. In order to minimize the inhumane damage war causes to the wounded, the sick, prisoners, civilians and other victims of war, several conventions were held in Geneva, Switzerland starting in 1864. These rules of wartime conduct are well-known under the name "the Geneva Conventions".

A new convention was held in Geneva in 1929 (at the beginning of WW2) to extend rules of humane conduct to the treatment of prisoners of war. This third Geneva Convention is the best known of the four, and is what people refer to when they say "the Geneva Convention" in the singular. The most widely known offenders of this third convention are the horrible concentration camps of Nazi Germany; the war crimes trials that followed WW2 made the term "Geneva Convention" a household name. A fourth convention was held in 1949 to protect noncombatant civilians from the horrors of war.

When the United States under George W. Bush invaded Iraq under Saddam Hussein, a problem quickly arose. The enemy soldiers were quickly defeated when they fought as the Geneva definition of "soldiers", and instead abandoned their uniforms and open opposition for subtle antagonism and terrorism. As they no longer qualified as soldiers in combat, they no longer qualified as prisoners of war under the 3rd Geneva Convention.

To be a soldier under Geneva, one must either belong to an official armed forces or militia for a government or other central authority or meet four other requirements:

1. be accountable to a commander.
2. wear a uniform that demonstrates your allegiance from a distance.
3. carry weapons openly.
4. follow the laws of war.

This new kind of enemy fought without uniforms, with concealed weapons, and without any central leadership. They could not be defined as soldiers by Geneva, but to the Americans clearly they weren't civilians. The terms "enemy combatants" and "unlawful combatants" arose to describe these warriors without commanders or nation or accountability. As the administration started capturing such fighters and lacking any protocol to handle them, they adopted a policy of simply imprisoning them to be handled later, most famously at Guantanamo Bay Detention Center in Cuba.

But the war dragged on. Facing public pressure, the Bush Administration established a military tribunal system for trying the enemy combatants. In 2006 the Supreme Court ruled that the process violated US military law and the Geneva Conventions, specifically declaring these violations of :

• The defendant and the defendant's attorney may be forbidden to view certain evidence used against the defendant; the defendant's attorney may be forbidden to discuss certain evidence with the defendant;
• Evidence judged to have any probative value may be admitted, including hearsay, unsworn live testimony, and statements gathered through torture; and
• Appeals are not heard by courts, but only within the Executive Branch

These grievances against due process were ruled to violate Article 3 of Geneva requirement for "all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples."

The previous system having thus been eliminated, Congress passed and Bush signed a new system by the name The Military Commissions Act of 2006. Two years later, a part of this process was declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court, specifically the part where detainees of Guantanamo Bay Detention Center were not eligible for trial by the US civil justice system. This ruling occurred in June of 2008, only months before Barack Obama's election.

Obama, as a candidate, denounced the existing mess of a policy and promised, as President, "to distinguish between those prisoners who should be prosecuted for their crimes, those who can't be prosecuted but who can be held in a manner consistent with the laws of war, and those who should be released or transferred to their home countries." Almost immediately after his election (21 Jan 09), he made a powerful move toward that end: he suspended all the military commissions for 120 days to give the administration "time to review the military commissions process, generally, and the cases currently before military commissions, specifically."

On 15 May 09, just days before military tribunals would continue, the Obama Administration announced it was instituting a system of military tribunals. It denounced "the Military Commissions Act that was drafted by the Bush Administration and passed by Congress" that "had only succeeded in prosecuting three suspected terrorists in more than seven years." It announced the administration's intent to "ensure swift and certain justice against those detainees" and to "seek more time to allow us time to reform the military commission process." and concluded that "These reforms will begin to restore the Commissions as a legitimate forum for prosecution, while bringing them in line with the rule of law."

While the White House is calling it a wholesale change in approach, human rights advocates are furious, calling it a continuation of the inhumane Bush policies. Specifically, they oppose the impression given that the Military Commissions Act was generally on the right track though wrong on specifics. One legal expert disapproved that Obama's plan lacked provisions for "detainees [to] have the opportunity to employee a civilian lawyer from their own country."

The announcement gives Congress 60 days to offer opinions and advice on how to reform the system, but it went into effect 60 days after the announcement whether altered or not. That deadline expired on July 14th. The superficially altered "Bush-era relic" is currently being used to try detainees.

Most will consider this a failing of Obama's ability to enact moral policies, perhaps even a flaw in his respect for human rights. I disagree. His respect for human rights stands as powerfully as ever. It is his respect for the legal complexity of the situation that has changed; in fact, it has grown. Where his rhetoric as a candidate spoke of the absolute moral choice and Bush's flawed choice, the reality of the situation requires implementing the choice and suffering it's effects. Bush was responding ably to a surprising, overwhelming issue, adapting the policy gradually toward a policy that would work. Obama assumed (or at least claimed) Bush's gradual adaptation was a moral failure; in essence, that Bush should have got it right the first try regardless of all circumstances. When faced with the same complexity and responsibility Bush had faced, Obama now sees that he can only put the final touches on a Bush creation that was adapted extremely well to the circumstances.

Sure, it'd have been preferable to have the finished work in 2002. But it was a puzzle that had to be solved, and the solving of it necessitated time spent. In the race for a winning policy, Bush didn't run a 4-minute mile. But he ran the distance, and in a respectable time. It speaks to Obama's naïveté that he judged Bush's attempt at a higher standard than Obama himself could achieve. His rhetoric is greater than his ability.

Thus, I count this issue as a mark against Obama, not because his policy is wrong but because he failed to contrast with the policy he denounced. Either his rhetoric is an ambitious lie or he has failed just as his predecessor did. Either is a mark against him.

Your biblical thought for the day is Matt 7:2. "with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged." It applies all over this issue.

Obameter #177: Close Down Gitmo

Now here's a famous one: one of Obama's biggest campaign promises was to close the Guantanamo Bay Detention Center, which he saw as a symbol of injustice and a recruiting tool for the enemies of America. Since his election, this has proven easier said than done.

Technically, the office of President does not have the executive power to close Guantanamo. It costs money to close it, and thus it takes a vote of the legislature to provide the money. And the legislature has a major concern: where are the 240 remaining Guantanamo detainees going to go? Without some concrete plan from President Obama, even Democratic Majority Leader Harry Reid opposed the bill. Reid opined, "Democrats under no circumstances will move forward without a comprehensive, responsible plan from the president." Senator Daniel Inouye (D-HI) and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) have also stated their opposition to the bill.

This could be a political play. It seems many politicians want credit for closing down the controversial prison, but none want credit for releasing it's detainees or putting them somewhere else of dubious security or justice. The detainees have seemingly become 240 hot potatoes that no one wants to touch.

Personally, I'm opposed to closing down the detention center until more substantial proof of wrongdoing to it's detainees is revealed. Despite events moving my way in that respect, I'm irritated that people are playing politics with such a dramatically important issue. On the one hand, there are 240 lives hanging in the balance and which deserve some planning on their behalf. On the other, many or most of them are dangerous enemies of America and of law and order generally. It was wrong for Bush to postpone any decisions until the next administration, and it's similarly wrong for Obama to plan so poorly for their post-Gitmo future.

I would strongly respect any politician who took this issue as their own, who made it their business to do the hard thing, to propose a system to judge the dangerous from the peaceable, and to send these detainees through such a judicial process to determine whether to release them into accepting countries or to sentence them. The problem since the Bush Administration has been that there was no appropriate jurisdiction for these detainees. So make one! You're the government. That's your job.

This issue is not Obama's finest hour.